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Drug News Abstracts - June 2024

Analysis of Self-Administered Aspirin Post-Chest Pain to Prevent Cardiovascular Mortality

According to the American Heart Association, someone experiences an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the United States every 40 seconds, making it a leading cause of mortality. However, a significant number of AMI deaths occur outside the hospital, with delayed access to medical care being a contributing factor. The International Study of Infarct Survival sought to analyze the potential benefits and risks of self-administering aspirin within 4 hours of experiencing severe chest pain to reduce mortality post-AMI.

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Dequalinium as Potential Treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common and recurrent vaginal infection in females of reproductive age, is typically treated with antibiotics, like metronidazole and clindamycin. However, their adverse effects and risk of antibiotic resistance necessitate alternative treatments. A recent study evaluated the efficacy of dequalinium chloride, an antiseptic with broad-spectrum activity against various microorganisms, as a potential nonantibiotic treatment for BV.

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Progestogen Versus Combined Oral Contraceptive for Endometriosis Pain

Endometriosis, affecting up to 1-in-10 women of reproductive age, involves the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, leading to severe pelvic pain and infertility. Surgical treatment is common, but recurrence rates are high, with many women undergoing multiple operations. Hormonal treatments, like the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) and progestogens, are recommended postsurgery, but it's uncertain which is more effective in preventing pain recurrence.

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Perioperative Nivolumab for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Nivolumab, an antibody targeting programmed death-1, in combination with chemotherapy is standard neoadjuvant treatment for patients with resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Studies, including the landmark CheckMate 816 trial, showed significant improvements in event-free survival and pathologic complete response with this combination compared to chemotherapy alone. Based on these results, researchers questioned whether a perioperative approach, combining neoadjuvant therapy with nivolumab, followed by surgery and adjuvant therapy, could reduce disease relapse rates, and enhance clinical outcomes by bolstering antitumor immunity.

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Drug News Abstracts Archive

Drug News Abstracts - June 2021
Understanding Nonadherence to Bipolar Disorder TreatmentNearly half of people with bipolar disorder (BPD) fail to take their medications as prescribed; such nonadherence can lead to relapse, hospitalization, and an increased risk of suicide, as well as putting strain on work and relationships. Efforts to increase medication adherence have not significantly shifted that statistic.READ MORE...Difficulties in addressing nonadherence may be caused by a lack of understanding of modifiable factors. Researchers from the University of East Anglia and the UK’s National Health Service Foundation Trust performed a systematic review of 57 studies involving more than 30,000 patients, mostly in the United States and Europe, to examine studies that reported these modifiable factors. The study, led by a team of pharmacists, psychiatrists, and experts in behavioral health, placed the identified factors in Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) domains.This study showed that major contributors to nonadherence in patients with BPD were negative emotions evoked by the idea of taking medications and intentional nonadherence. The most frequently reported TDF domain was “Environmental Context and Resources,” mentioned as factors in 63% of the studies examined. Primarily related to characteristics of the medication, this domain in patients with BPD includes side effects (sedation, weight gain, sexual dysfunction, and cognitive impairment) and the complexity of the treatment regimen. More complex regimens are typically associated with lower adherence; this is relevant in patients with BPD since lithium, the gold standard for long-term therapy in BPD, has a narrow therapeutic index and thus requires regular blood tests and dietary restrictions. A second TDF domain also mentioned in 63% of studies, “Beliefs about Consequences,” contains particularly important modifiable factors in patients with BPD. Beliefs about the necessity for pharmacologic treatment of the disorder and concerns about the medication’s effects were frequently reported causes of nonadherence. These beliefs could include any of the following:Medication is not needed to treat bipolar disorder.During periods of feeling well, without symptoms, a patient with BPD can discontinue medication.The patient is less productive while taking medication, reporting feeling “less like self.”With the understanding gained from mapping of these factors (both barriers to adherence and facilitators of adherence) to TDF domains, the study can allow clinicians to expand their adherence interventions to include talking to patients concerning their feelings about being medicated for the disease and their experiences with their treatment. (University of East Anglia. (2021). Why bipolar patients don’t take their meds.https://www.uea.ac.uk/news/-/article/why-bipolar-patients-don-t-take-their-meds; Prajapati, A. R., et al. (2021), Mapping modifiable determinants of medication adherence in bipolar disorder (BD) to the theoretical domains framework (TDF): A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, (51)7, 1082–1098. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/mapping-modifiable-determinants-of-medication-adherence-in-bipolar-disorder-bd-to-the-theoretical-domains-framework-tdf-a-systematic-review/EBFF00931816F6BF1A42C4916F034751)Released: June 2021© 2021 Wolters Kluwer  COVID-19 Vaccine Is Associated with Fewer Asymptomatic SARS-CoV2 Infections in a Single-Hospital StudyFindings from an observational study conducted at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital offer early evidence that the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine protects against asymptomatic infections, according to a research letter that appeared in JAMA. Data was gathered from the program instituted by St. Jude to protect patients and employees from COVID-19. The hospital began routine testing of all employees in March of 2020, in which individuals were subjected to weekly nasal swabs to allow PCR testing for SARS-CoV2. Then, when the vaccine was made available in December 2020, the researchers followed all vaccine-eligible employees from December 17, 2020 to March 20, 2021.READ MORE...The study involved 5,217 St. Jude employees, of whom 3,052 (58.5%) received at least one dose and 2,776 (53.2%) received both doses of the Pfizer BioNTech mRNA vaccine. On follow-up, 236 of the employees included in the analysis tested positive for SARS-CoV2. Among individuals who received at least one vaccine dose, 51 tested positive during follow-up, of whom 29 were diagnosed through asymptomatic screening. Among unvaccinated individuals, 185 tested positive for the virus during follow-up, of whom 72 were diagnosed through asymptomatic screening. The study used incidence rate ratio (IRR), the ratio of confirmed COVID-19 cases per person days of follow-up in vaccinated compared with unvaccinated groups, as a measure of the association between vaccination and infection. The IRR was 0.21 for any SARS-CoV2 infection, 0.28 for positive infection results on asymptomatic screening, and 0.16 for symptomatic or known exposure cases. The IRR within the first 11 days after the first dose was 0.58 to 0.60 for all these outcomes. The IRR for positive virus results via asymptomatic screening from 12 days after the first dose until the second dose was 0.58, in the first 7 days after the second dose was 0.35, and for 7 days or longer after the second dose was 0.10.Even one dose of the vaccine reduced the risk of asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV2 infection by 79%. Analysis of asymptomatic infections found that vaccination had reduced that risk by 72%. Protection was even greater in employees who completed two doses; by a week or more after the second dose, vaccinated employees were 96% less likely than unvaccinated peers to become infected with SARS-CoV2, with asymptomatic infections being decreased by 90%. The data from this study is particularly valuable because of the broad asymptomatic testing, which enabled researchers to identify the many hidden cases of COVID-19 in the population.(Tang, L., et al. (2021). Asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections after BNT162b2 vaccination in a routinely screened workforce. JAMA. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779854; St Jude Children’s Research Hospital. News Releases. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine is associated with fewer asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections.https://www.stjude.org/media-resources/news-releases/2021-medicine-science-news/covid-19-vaccine-is-associated-with-fewer-asymptomatic-sars-cov-2-infections.html)Released: June 2021© 2021 Wolters KluwerFinerenone Delays Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with CKD and DiabetesFinerenone, a nonsteroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, can be used as a therapeutic strategy to delay onset of atrial fibrillation and flutter in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes. A new analysis of data from FIDELIO-DKD (Finerenone in Reducing Kidney Failure and Disease Progression in Diabetic Kidney Disease) presented at the American College of Cardiology’s 70th Annual Scientific Session examined the effects of finerenone on new-onset atrial fibrillation and flutter and the cardiorenal effects of the treatment in patients with a history of atrial fibrillation in the parent study. The primary endpoint in FIDELIO-DKD was a composite of kidney failure, renal death, and sustained decrease in GFR of 40% or more from baseline. This new analysis showed that patients taking finerenone derived these benefits regardless of atrial fibrillation history and also suggested that finerenone reduced the rate of new-onset atrial fibrillation.READ MORE...The study randomly assigned 5,674 patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes to finerenone or placebo and tracked outcomes for a median of 2.6 years. Finerenone significantly lowered risk of kidney events by 18% and risk of cardiac events by 14% compared to placebo. New-onset atrial fibrillation was reported in 82 patients (3.2%) in the finerenone arm of the trial compared with 117 patients (4.5%) in those taking placebo, a significant difference (hazard ratio, 0.71). The lower incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation with finerenone treatment was notable at month 6 and continued throughout the trial, suggesting a sustained effect.Patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of atrial fibrillation because these conditions can cause changes in the heart’s structure and electrical signaling, leading to fast and erratic heart rhythms. It’s thought that finerenone acts by blocking mineralocorticoid receptors and inhibits cardiac remodeling. Longer studies focusing specifically on new-onset atrial fibrillation are needed to confirm these findings. (Filippatos, G., et al. (2021). Finerenone reduces onset of atrial fibrillation in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. Advance online publication. https://www.jacc.org/doi/pdf/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.079; AlphaGalileo. (2021). Finerenone may delay onset of atrial fibrillation in patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes. American College of Cardiology 70th Annual Scientific Session. https://www.alphagalileo.org/en-gb/Item-Display/ItemId/208285?returnurl=https://www.alphagalileo.org/en-gb/Item-Display/ItemId/208285)Released: June 2021© 2021 Wolters KluwerMavacamten and Quality of Life in CardiomyopathyResults of a secondary analysis of a Phase III trial reported at the American College of Cardiology meeting and published in The Lancet demonstrate that the cardiac myosin inhibitor mavacamten improves results on quality of life measures in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.READ MORE...The researchers conducted a health status analysis of EXPLORER-HCM, a Phase III double-blind randomized controlled trial that involved 251 patients with symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and left ventricular outflow tract gradient of at least 50 mm Hg at baseline. They were randomly assigned to mavacamten or placebo for 30 weeks, followed by an 8-week washout period. Primary findings from the trial, which were reported last year at the European Society of Cardiology, demonstrated that mavacamten use resulted in an increase in peak oxygen consumption and a reduction in New York Heart Association heart failure class. These results objectively showed improvement in patients’ functioning, but researchers sought to determine effect on quality of life, a more direct measure of how patients experience symptomatic improvement.Researchers administered the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), a disease-specific measure of patients’ health status, at baseline, week 6, week 12, week 18, week 30, and week 38. Of 123 patients receiving mavacamten, 92 (75%) completed the questionnaire at baseline and week 30; 88 (69%) of the 128 assigned to placebo did. Changes from baseline to week 30 in KCCQ overall summary score and change in all subscales were analyzed.At 30 weeks, the improvement in KCCQ overall summary score was greater with mavacamten than with placebo: a 14.9-point change versus a 5.4-point change, for a difference of 9.1 points. Similar benefits were seen across all subscales of the KCCQ. In addition, a significantly larger percentage of patients receiving mavacamten reported a very large improvement (at least 20 points); 36% of patients in the mavacamten arm compared with 15% of those on placebo. These quality of life gains compare favorably with most treatments for heart failure. Overall, results of EXPLORER-HCM demonstrate that mavacamten may be used as primary therapy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, but more study is needed to compare it to the other agents that have been used to manage the disorder (for example, beta blockers, disopyramide, verapamil) and to determine which patients do better with which drugs. (MedPage Today. (2021). Mavacamten boosts quality of life in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/acc/92601; Spertus, J. A., et al. (in press). Mavacamten for treatment of symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (EXPLORER-HCM): Health status analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00763-7/fulltext)Released: June 2021© 2021 Wolters Kluwer
Drug News Abstracts - May 2021
Side Effects and COVID-19 Vaccine HesitancyVaccine hesitancy is increasingly a roadblock toward achieving herd immunity in many nations, including the United States. Reports of adverse effects, both common, such as fever and body aches, and rare but life-threatening, such as cerebral blood clots, have given fuel to these concerns. It’s tempting to refrain from discussing vaccine side effects with the public, but rebuilding trust in our health care institutions is important, and maintaining transparency around the costs and benefits of COVID-19 vaccinations can increase such trust.The reports of what is now termed vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) after vaccination with the viral vector vaccines produced by Astra Zeneca and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen, are contributing to this vaccine hesitancy. The FDA and the Centers for Disease Control, after six cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis combined with thrombocytopenia were reported in vaccinated people, ordered a pause in distribution of the J&J/Janssen vaccine in the United States. Ultimately, about 15 cases of VITT were identified, all occurring in women ages 18 to 48 within a median of 9 days after vaccination. Although the incidence is very low, its life-threatening nature made it imperative that clinicians learn how to recognize and treat it. These blood clots are thought to be related to the autoantibody platelet factor 4, which is responsible for heparin-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia, and therefore cannot be treated by heparin or related anticoagulants. With this in mind, providers are encouraged to ask patients presenting with low platelet counts or with evidence of blood clots about recent vaccinations so they can manage the syndrome with IV immunoglobulins and other supportive care. Women, especially pregnant and postpartum women, should be encouraged to receive the mRNA vaccines.Other, non-life-threatening adverse events are also contributing to vaccine hesitancy. A recent article in the New York Times reported that up to 8% of vaccinated individuals are passing up the second dose because of reports of more severe reactions to the second dose. The challenge here is in educating the public that those reactions are actually a function of the vaccine working. It reflects the amnestic, or memory, response, as the body’s immune system remembers exposure to the spike protein of the SARS-CoV2 virus.Combatting vaccine hesitancy will require transparency by public health authorities to enable recognition and treatment of rare but life-threatening adverse reactions and clear communication of the risks and benefits of the vaccine versus infection with the actual virus. Although the common adverse effects—fever, headache, body aches—can be troublesome, they are brief, most occurring within the first few days after vaccination. But the viral infection carries a mortality rate of about 2%, and long-haul symptoms are estimated to occur in between 10% and 40% of infected individuals.(Lahey, T. (2021, April 13). Op-ed: J&J vax pause is actually good for COVID long game. MedPage Today. https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19vaccine/92069; Walker, M. (2021, April 13). J&J COVID vaccine pause not an overreaction, officials say. Med Page Today. https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19vaccine/92068; Marshall, S. & Salahi, L. (2021, May 5). Are side effects why many pass on COVID shots? [Audio podcast]. MedPage Today. https://www.medpagetoday.com/podcasts/trackthevax/92422)Released: May 2021© 2021 Wolters KluwerCOVID-19 Vaccines for Adults with Parkinson DiseaseThose with advanced Parkinson disease are at high risk of serious, life-threatening SARS-CoV2 disease, so the arrival of COVID-19 vaccines has created hope for them. Although the risk of infection with the virus is not higher for patients with Parkinson disease, the risk of experiencing severe respiratory disease and long-term sequelae does appear to be elevated among those who do become infected, especially among those with more advanced Parkinson disease. Motor and nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease can worsen as a result of COVID-19, and the risk of death from COVID-19 also appears to be higher than in the general population.Concerns, however, have been expressed by patients, their families, and clinicians about the safety and efficacy of the vaccine in those with Parkinson disease. In particular, concerns have been raised about the effects of the COVID vaccine on the disease process and on dopaminergic medications.An article in the Journal of Parkinson Disease sought to lay out recommendations from the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (IPDMS). The IPDMS made the following points:The vaccines currently available under the Emergency Use Authorization, both mRNA and viral vector vaccines, produce immunization through mechanisms not known to interact with the neurodegenerative process in Parkinson disease.Reported data on those vaccines shows no difference in the types or incidence of side effects in persons with Parkinson disease compared to the general population.COVID-19 vaccines are not known to interfere with current Parkinson disease therapies.The authors of the article recommend that patients with Parkinson disease receive the vaccine, unless they have specific contraindications, among them being frail and elderly or terminally ill patients living in long-term care facilities. They also encourage patients with Parkinson disease to discuss the vaccination with their physicians and encourage clinicians to stay up-to-date with published reports on the vaccine rollout. (Bloem, B. R., et al. (2021). COVID-19 vaccination for persons with Parkinson’s disease: Light at the end of the tunnel? J Parkinson Dis; 11(1): 3-8. https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-parkinsons-disease/jpd212573)Released: May 2021© 2021 Wolters KluwerChoosing the Best Epilepsy Drugs for Newly Diagnosed PatientsThe Phase IV open-label Standard New Epileptic Drug (SANAD II) studies compared newer therapies such as levetiracetam and zonisamide to older antiseizure medications such as valproate to determine the noninferiority of the new drugs to standard therapy. Published in The Lancet, SANAD II consisted of two pragmatic, open-label, randomized trials: one that compared the long-term clinical effectiveness of valproate and levetiracetam as treatment of generalized seizures (the second compared lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and zonisamide to determine if the newer drugs are appropriate first-line therapies for focal epilepsy).The generalized epilepsy study recruited patients from 69 adult and pediatric neurology services in the UK. The median age was 13.9 years, and 65% of those enrolled were male; 397 patients had generalized epilepsy and 123 unclassified epilepsy. The studies were designed as noninferiority trials and, in new patients with generalized epilepsy, levetiracetam didn’t meet the noninferiority criteria compared with valproate in time to 12-month remissions from seizures on intent-to-treat analysis, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.19; on per protocol analysis, valproate was found to be clearly superior (HR, 1.68). Valproate was also superior to levetiracetam for time to treatment failure (HR, 0.65) and time to first subsequent seizures (HR, 0.82). At 2 years, there was a 15% difference in the treatment failure rate for levetiracetam compared with valproate. Valproate was also superior in cost-effectiveness, based on differences in costs and quality-adjusted life-years.These findings have an important clinical consequence. Valproate has long been a first-line treatment for newly diagnosed generalized epilepsy, but the FDA has warned against its use in women of childbearing age due to the known risk of birth defects. Levetiracetam has increasingly been prescribed for these women, so these findings present a dilemma for them. Each woman and her clinicians need to weigh the reality of the teratogenic effects of valproate against the lower effectiveness of levetiracetam. (George, J. (2021, April 12). Epilepsy drugs for newly diagnosed patients: What's best? MedPage Today. https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/seizures/92051; Cross, J. H. & Tomson, T. (2021). Newer versus older antiseizure medications: further forward? The Lancet. 397(10282): 1327-1329. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00435-9/fulltext; Marson, A., et al. (2021). The SANAD II study of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of valproate versus levetiracetam for newly diagnosed generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy: An open-label, non-inferiority, multicentre, phase 4, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet; 397(10282): 1375-1386. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00246-4/fulltext; Marson, A., et al. (2021). The SANAD II study of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of levetiracetam, zonisamide, or lamotrigine for newly diagnosed focal epilepsy: an open-label, non-inferiority, multicentre, phase 4, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet; 397(10282): 1363-1374. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00247-6/fulltext)Released: May 2021© 2021 Wolters KluwerAddition of Nivolumab to Chemotherapy Improves Response in Operable Lung CancerAdding the anti-PS-1 monoclonal antibody nivolumab to standard platinum-based chemotherapy before surgery increased the pathological complete response (pCR) rate in patients with operable lung cancer. These results of the Checkmate-816 trial were reported at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) annual meeting, held virtually from Philadelphia.The multicenter, Phase III trial enrolled 358 patients with newly diagnosed, stages Ib to IIIa non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and no known EGFR or ALK alterations. The study evaluated two combination strategies: fixed-dose nivolumab and platinum-based chemotherapy and weight-adjusted nivolumab and ipilimumab, and compared them to chemotherapy alone. However, the presentation at the AACR meeting discussed only the data for the nivolumab-chemotherapy arm. Patients underwent surgery within 6 weeks, after restaging based on radiologic findings; after surgery, patients could receive chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy.The primary endpoint, pCR, was defined as no residual viable tumor when the resected lung specimen and the sampled lymph nodes were examined after surgery. Adding nivolumab to chemotherapy produced an improvement in pCR, to 24% of patients, compared with 2.2% in the chemotherapy arm alone. Combination therapy also improved the major pathologic response rate, which is defined as 10% or less residual viable tumor cells in the lung and lymph nodes, to 36.9%, compared with 8.9% in the chemotherapy alone arm. Presurgical objective response rate was 54% with nivolumab combination vs. 37% with chemotherapy alone. The addition of nivolumab maintained a tolerable safety profile, and the rates of adverse events leading to surgery delay or cancellation were low: 83% of those in the nivolumab combination arm underwent surgery, as did 75% of those treated with chemotherapy alone. Surgery was delayed in 21% of nivolumab patients and 18% of chemotherapy patients.These findings, along with data from several retrospective studies that show a clear trend toward improved survival in those patients who achieve pCR, are encouraging. The study is ongoing, so results for event-free survival are still to come.(Bankhead, C. (2021, April 11). A win for nivolumab as preoperative therapy for lung cancer. MedPage Today. https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/aacr/92038; AACR. News Release. (2021, April 10). Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy increased pathological complete response rate in CheckMate-816 lung cancer trial. https://www.aacr.org/about-the-aacr/newsroom/news-releases/neoadjuvant-nivolumab-plus-chemotherapy-increased-pathological-complete-response-rate-in-checkmate-816-lung-cancer-trial/)Released: May 2021© 2021 Wolters Kluwer
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