Abstract
We examined factors associated with change readiness among 343 primary care physicians and 590 nonphysician staff undergoing "Lean"-based process improvements. Baseline levels of engagement were associated with greater readiness for change across all measured domains. Job-related burnout correlated with greater need for change, but lower self-efficacy and perceived support, whereas a personal sense of accomplishment was associated with higher efficacy to implement changes. At a department level, teamwork, participation in decision making, and change history were associated with higher engagement and lower burnout among physicians and staff; conversely, a busy or stressful department correlated with lower engagement and higher burnout.